Diversity and Inclusion in the Context of Contemporary Museum Practices – МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

Download article

Polina V. KRAVCHENKO
Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia
48, Moika Emb., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186
Postgraduate Student of Theory and History of Culture Department
Charitable Foundation Anton tut ryadom
1, Troitskaya square, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 197046
Curator of the project Autism Friendly
e-mail: polinaculture@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-8287-6406

Diversity and Inclusion in the Context of Contemporary Museum Practices

Abstract: The article examines inclusion in the context of contemporary museum programs. The development of inclusive museum projects is analysed, as well as the correlation with a change in the approach to understanding inclusion in Russia and in world practices: the inclusion of persons with disabilities in a full-fledged social and cultural life to inclusion as a culture of diversity and acceptance in society. Modern museum educational, educational, research projects change consistently in the sociocultural context. The emergence of inclusive programs reflects a paradigm shift in the understanding of disability in society. Until 1965, the medical model of understanding disability prevailed. Disability is characterized as a medical phenomenon: disabilities are counted as “defects” that need to be cured or corrected in order for a person to become healthy. Initially, it is assumed that disability is an indicator of a person's “ill health”. The medical model determines the treatment, the necessary corrective or curative therapy, as well as the creation of special auxiliary services, closed medical institutions. The model was criticized for stigmatization, oppression, discrimination against people with disabilities. In 1980, the World Health Organization published recommendations for working with people with disabilities, which is based on the use of the terms "impairment", "limitation of life activity", "social failure". In 1966, disability-experienced researcher Paul Hunt publishes the essay Critical Condition. The author criticizes the medical model of disability and focuses on the formation of an economic and social restrictive and protective attitude towards people with disabilities. The unequal status also determined the legal issue. The social model of disability does not deny the existence of mental, physical characteristics, contributes to an adapted approach to the creation of programs, the definition of treatment, the necessary assistance. The main difference from the medical model is the change in the concept of disability as an obstacle and limitation of activity. In 1976, UPIAS redefined disability based on ideas from Paul Hunt. UPIAS topical ideas spoke about problems in society, social structures, infrastructure. Thus, the environment becomes the main source of social exclusion. The movements for equal rights for people with disabilities contribute to the formation of several laws that oblige the infrastructure to work on the environment in education, cultural institutions, medicine, transport accessibility, etc. The article's primary focus is inclusive practices in museums worldwide and reflects on Russia's experience, аs well as the analysis of participation in museum inclusive programs and projects.

Key words: inclusion, museum inclusion, neurodiversity move-ment, diversity, accessibility, accessible environment.

References:

ICOM Code of Ethics for the Museum. (2007). ICOM Russia. 16–17.
Grusman V. (2007) Musei v sisteme formirovania nazionalno-gosudarsvennoy idei [Museum in the system of formation of the national-state idea], V. M. Grusman. Russkiy Ethnographicheskiy Musei. (In Russian).
Sandell R. (1998). Muséums as agents of social inclusion. Muséum management and curatorship, 17(4), 401–418.
Leshchenko A. (2007). Postkriticheskaya museologia [Postcritical museology], Voprosy museologii, 2017. 22–29. (In Russian).
Chamberlin, J. (1978). On our own: Patient controlled alternatives to the mental health system.New York: McGraw-Hill.
Goffman I. (2001). Stigma: zametki ob upravlenii isporchennoy identichnostiu. Ch. 1. Stigma i sozialnaya identichnost’. Ch. 2. Kontrol’ nad informaziei I sizial’naya identichnost’ (glavi 3–6) [Stigma: Notes on Managing Spoiled Identity. Part 1. Stigma and social identity. Part 2. Control over information and social identity (chapters 3–6)]. Tr. Dobryakova M. Vusshaya shcola ekonomiki. https://www.hse.ru/data/2011/11/15/1272895702/Goffman_stigma.pdf, (Accessed November 05, 2021). (In Russian).
Ely B. (2009). Change and Continuity: the Influences of Taoist Philosophy and Cultural Practices on Contemporary Art Practice. Sydney: Western Sydney University.
Sandell R. (2002). Museums and the Combating of Social Inequality: roles, responsibilities, resistance. Museums, Society, Inequality(pp. 3-23). London: Routledge.
Federal’nyi zakon «O vnesenii izmenenii v otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossiiskoi Federacii po voprosam social’noi zaschity invalidov v svyazi s ratifikaciei Konvencii o pravah invalidov» ot 01.12.2014 No. 419-FZ (poslednyaya redakciya) [Federal Law «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Connection with the Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities» dated 01.12.2014 No. 419-FL (last edition)]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_171577/ (Accessed November 06, 2021). (In Russian).
Shapoval I. (2019). Social’naya inklyuziya lic s ogranichennymi vozmojnostyami zdorov’ya de-yure i de-fakto: «vklyuchaemye», «vklyuchayuschiesya», «nevklyuchayuschiesya» [Social inclusion of persons with disabilities de jure and de facto: «included», «not included»],Vestnik Baltiiskogo federal’nogo universiteta im. I. Kanta. Seriya: Filologiya, pedagogika, psihologiya. 1.https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsialnaya-inklyuziya-lits-s-ogranichennymi-vozmozhnostyami-zdorovya-de-yure-i-de-fakto-vklyuchaemye-vklyuchayuschiesya (Accessed November 09, 2021). (In Russian).
Farrington F. (2002).Towards a useful definition: Advantages and criticism of «social exclusion». Accessed November 11, 2021, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242513425_TOWARDS_A_USEFUL_DEFINITION_ADVANTAGES_AND_CRITICISMS_OF_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION
Shchekochikhina M. (2020). Ponimanie i realizaciya inklyuzii v rossiiskih muzeyah. [Understanding and realizing inclusion in Russian museums], The Garage Journal: issledovaniya v oblasti iskusstva, muzeev i kul’tury. URL: https://thegaragejournal.org/files/03/345_784dbb4c7b7422e09283aeb439931f32e114f73f.pdf(Retrieved November 13, 2021). (In Russian).
Novikova A. (2021). «Stigma» v muzeologicheskom diskurse [«Stigma» in museological discourse], Vestnik SPbGIK, 1. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stigma-v-muzeologicheskom-diskurse (Accessed November 07, 2021). (In Russian).
Inclusive Museum. https://in-museum.ru/ (Accessed November 06, 2021).
Accessible museum. Three excursions. Experience in conducting excursions for visitors with autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disabilities and dementia [Accessible museum. Three excursions. Experience in conducting excursions for visitors with autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disabilities and dementia], Ed. texts by A.B. Sorokin; ed. A.V. Ignatiev. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts A.S. Pushkin. 2–3.
Museum of Sensations. Garage Museum of Contemporary Art. https://garagemca.org/ru/diversity-and-inclusion (Accessed November 06, 2021). (In Russian).

For Citation:

Kravchenko, P. Diversity and Inclusion in the Context of Contemporary Museum Practices. International Journal of Cultural Research, 3 (44). 66–76. DOI: 10.52173/2079-1100_2021_3_66

DOI: 10.52173/2079-1100_2021_3_66